Finance, Credit, Investments-modern interpretation
Author: Lamara qoqiauri
Finance, Credit, Investments – Economical categories. Modern Interpretation
The scientific work in theories of finance and credit, according to the specification of the object of research, are characterized to be multiple, and many leveled.
The definition of all economic relations formed in the process of formation, distribution and use Finance, as sources of money is widespread. For example, in "General Theory of Finance" There are two definitions of Finance:
1) "… Finance to consider the economic relations, training fund money sources in the distribution process and redistribution of national income according to the distribution and use. "This definition is given in relation to the conditions of capitalism, when the money-commodity relations gain universal character;
2) "Finances represent the formation of centralized sources of ad money decentralized economic relations regarding the distribution and use, serving the development of state functions and bonds, and also provided the conditions of production further widened. "This definition is introduced without indicating that Environmental action. We share some of this explanation of Finance and thinking about a specification.
Firstly finances to overcome the limits of distribution and service of redistribution of national income if it is a foundation of finance. Also, training and use of sinking fund that is part of the financial field is not for distribution and redistribution of the national income (value the new association in a year), but the distribution of the value already developed.
The latter appears first as part of the value of major industrial funds, later moved in the cost of a finished product (ie a value too) and after its completion, and the fund is set for depression. Its source is taken into account before hand such as a depression in the consistency commodity prices cost loans.
Secondly, the main objective of finance is much broader and "performing the duties of the State and obligations and the provision of production conditions further widened. "Finances are on the state level and also manufactures and the branch level also, and under such conditions, when most part of the factory are not statesmen.
VM Rodionov position different on this subject: "the actual training begins financial resources at the scene of the distribution, where the value is realized and formwork to concrete economic realizable value are separated from the consistency of profit. "VM Rodionova makes an emphasis on Finance, as the distribution of reports, when DS Moliakov emphasizes basic industrial finance. Although both of them give enough support discussion of finances, as a training system, distribution and use of fund money sources, leaving the following definition of finance: "The relationship of financial liquidity, which form in the process of distribution and redistribution of the partial value of national wealth and the total social product, is related to the subjects of economics and training and use of state money incomes and savings in more expanded production, material incentive for workers satisfaction of the society and other social applications. "
In the textbooks of political economy, we meet the definitions Finance following:
"The finances of the socialist state, represent cash (economic) relations, with the help of which, in the way of the expected distribution of income and savings fund money sources of the state and makes socialists are trained to ensure the growth of production, rising material and cultural level of the people and to meet other demands of society in general .
"The system of creation and use of the funds necessary cash resources to ensure the socialist production was widened accurately represent the financial position of the socialist society. And all economic relations emerged between the state, produces and organizations, industries, regions and citizens as distinct movements of cash flow of financial relations.
As have seen, definitions of funds made by the financial and political economists did not differ significantly.
In all positions discussed there are the following:
1) expression of the essence and phenomenon in the definition of finance;
2) the definition of finance, because the system of creation and use of funds from sources of liquidity on the level of phenomenon.
3) Distribution of Finance as a social product and the value of national income, the definition of expected distributions of characters, the main objectives of the economy and economic relations for the service is used.
If denied the preposition "Socialist" in the definition of finance, we may say he always keeps the news. We faced such traditional definitions of Finance, without word "socialist" in the literature modern business. We may give such an explanation: "The finances are cash resources of the production and use, as relations Cash appeared in the process of distribution of values formed product Economic and national wealth for the training and the subsequent production of cash income savings and economic issues and the state, rewarding work and the satisfaction of social demand. "in the elucidation of Finance as DS Moliakov definitions and VM Rodionov, following the traditional heritage, we meet the expanding financial base. They concern "distribution and redistribution of the economic value of the product created, in addition to the partial allocation of the value of national wealth". This is very real connection to the process of privatization and transition to privacy and is regularly used in practice in different countries, For example, Great Britain and France.
"Finance – are sources of funds, financial resources, their creation and circulation, distribution and redistribution, use, as economic relations, which are conditioned by intercalculations between economic subjects, traffic sources cash flow of money and use ".
"Finance is the system of economic relations, which are linked to business creation, distribution and use of financial resources. "We meet with the definitions absolutely innovational Finance in Z. Body and R. Merton 's basic textbooks. "Finances – is the science of how people conduct expenditure 'resources cash deficit and revenue in the period of time. Financial decisions are characterized by the expenditure and income which are: 1) separated in time, and 2) in general, it is impossible to take into account either in advance by those who get decisions nor any other person. "financial theory consists of numbers of designs … which systematically teaches the subjects of the distribution of resources cash relative to the time factor, it also considers quantitative models with the help of the estimate, putting into practice and the achievement of different variants of each financial decisions take place.
These basic concepts and quantitative models are used at all levels to obtain financial decisions, but in the most recent definition of finance, we meet with the doctrine following the financial base: main function of finance is in meeting the demands of people, subjects of economic activities of any kind (business, Furthermore the state organs at all levels) are directed towards achieving this basic function.
For purposes of this monograph, it is important compared definitions well known about finances, credit and investment, to decide how and how much it is possible to integrate finance, investment and credit in the total share.
Something researcher that credit is partly composed of Finance if it is discussed the position Gasoline and category. The other group shows more than an economic category of credit coexist the economic category of finance, in which he stressed the impossibility of the existence of credit in the consistency of Finance.
NK Kuchukova emphasized the independence of the class of credit and notes that only its "characteristic of the movement turned to the value not related to the transfer of credit opportunities and rights owners.
ND Barkovsky replied that the functioning of money created an economic base for the distribution of finances and credit as a separate category and resulted in credit and financial relations. He noticed the epistemological roots of science in money and credit, as the science on Finance Affairs looking for these economic relations, based on cash flow and credit.
We will discuss the most definitions credit spread. credit in modern publications seemed to be "lucky" and finance. For example, we find the following definition of credit in financing economic-dictionary: "Credit is a loan in cash and commodities in terms of return, usually paying per cent. Credit is a form of movement of capital borrowing and expresses the economic relations between the lender and borrower.
This is the traditional definition of credit. In the first dictionary of the economy, we read: "Credit is the system of economic relations, which is formed when the transmission of cash and material resources in the use of time, generally under the conditions of return and pay per cent.
In the manual of political economy published under reducing VA Medvedev definition Next up is "credit as an economic category, expresses the relationship created between society, collective work and workers during the formation and use of loan funds under the current terms of payment and return at the transmission source to use temporal and accumulation. The credit is discussed as follows in the previous training and methodological manuals of political economy: "Credit is the reporting system of money that is created in the process of mobilization and use of free cash temporarily through the budget State, unions, manufactures, organizations and people. The credit has an objective character. It is used to provide production was again widened by the State and other needs. Finance Credit differs from the ballot by nature, while the finance and manufacturing organizations by the state are fulfilled without this condition.
We meet with the following definition if "the economics courses" " Credit is an economic category, which represents relations, while separate industrial organizations or individuals to send money means to one another for temporary use under the conditions of return. Credit creation is conditioned by a historical process of achieving economic relations and money, whose form is the value for money ".
Scientists at the end to give definitions slightly different credit:
"The credit – is a loan in the form of money or goods, which is given to the borrower by a creditor under the conditions of return and pay the percentage rate of the borrower.
The credit is to give the money sources free time or commodities as a debt to the terms defined by the prices fixed percentage. Thus, credit is a loan in the form of money or goods. In the process flow of the loan, a definite relations are formed between a creditor (the loan is granted by a corporation of the individual, which gives some cash as a debt) and the debtor.
The combination of all the definitions cited above, we come to an idea, that credit is crucial to give money commodity as a debt to certain terms and provision of material in the price of firm rates. It Is determined the economic relations of the second side, the existence of applications for them.
Although in the same time, there are two distinct notions like: Loan and credit. Loan is characterized by:
HERE, the discussion in May to reach the transmission money and also things as a part (parts) to another borrower (): a) under the possession of the borrower and at the same time, b) in terms of returning the same amount or same quantity and quality of things;
• The loan money May did not bear interest;
· Any person may participate.
With the difference with the loan, credit, which is somewhat opportunity of private lending is:
· One hand (parts) gives the second (the borrower) money only, and _ for one time use;
· It may not bear interest (if the assignment does not provide for something);
As · creditor is not a person but a credit agency (in the first place, banks).
Thus, credit is bank credit. In our mind, it is not correct to use "credit" and "loan" as synonyms.
Bank credit is the union of relations between the bank (as creditor) and the borrower. These relationships relate to:
a) Give some money to the borrower for specific reasons (even if we meet with the so-called free credits, the aims and purposes of credit are not named in the assignment);
b) The timely return;
c) Obtain the percentage rate from the borrower for the use sources under its provision.
The fundamental basis of the essence of credit and its important element is the existence of trust between the two parties (in Latin "credo" which comes the word "credit" means "trust").
Position movement forms of money (in the abstract, a historical process of formation of economic and social budget and the banking system expressed by them), comparing different definitions of finance and credit, the conclusion appears paradoxical: the credit is an opportunity for private capital. And really, From the position of the movement forms of money, finance is the process of training and use of funds from cash resources. Very Often these movements are met with no return, but sometimes it is possible to grant loans under the budget for investment projects of other needs. Also, when a manufacturing company or companies use their cash flow and we intend to finance the industrial object, such user may be realized that within the manufacturing or the company (there is no topic about the poll or not to return to use), so that charge under conditions of return. This is known as commercial due to the transmission of other sources, but even in this occasion is element of the financial system of production and society.
From the point of cash flows, the main credit is the process of formation and use of funds flow, in terms of voting and, in general, taking the percentage value. If the opening door of the credit value is not (even in special occasions), in the form of movement, the credit becomes an opportunity for private capital, funds from financial net (hence the state budget) loans that do not interest may be used. If the opening gate value of credit held by the form of appearance, the credit is discussed in financial change.
From a historical perspective, finance (particularly in the sort of state budget) and credit (beginning with wear, later, commercial and banking) are developing differently for the consideration of credit for the part of finance. Although the genetic modification and historical point of view, lenders earlier, before provide loans, collection of permanent capital for not returning, which is the net financial foundation. Banks analogy necessary concentration of the important equity influxing for average consumers and get a higher percentage in terms of return. Herewith, just based on financial in the case of financial funds (which later became part loan fund) a stake in the bank appears to be the reserve (insurance) part of this fund, which by nature is financial and not loans. So, despite the essential distinctions between finance and credit form of genetics Historically, the credit seems to be formed from finance and represent their modification.
From the essential place to express economic relations finance and credit, we meet with the cardinal distinctions between these two categories. Who was mainly expressed by the distinction between the movement forms although they are documented or not. Finance express relations in aspects of distribution and redistribution of social product and part of the national wealth. Expresses the distribution of credit to the appropriate value in the section percentage for a loan, while under the loan itself, one temporal distribution of sources of money takes place.
Herewith, there are many common interests between the finance and credit point of view essential, so from the shape of the movement. At the same time, there is an important distinction between finance and credit in essence, So also in the form. According to this document, there must be some sort of general economic category, which will focus on finance and credit as a unit total, and the limits of the category itself, the separation of the specific essence of finance and credit would take place.
The Financing cash resources is common to economic research categories. It takes place in a separate system of finance and credit, which been addressed during the analysis to define financial and credit. Word "combination of funding sources of funds (training)" reflects and define exactly the nature and form of economic class, more general, as finance and loan categories. Though in the economic literature and in practice it is very uncomfortable to use a Termini, which consists of three words. Also, "unloading" an information influxing hardened considerably in its circulation, even in conditions of objective justification and thoroughness.
In the context discussion we consider:
1) wide and narrow understanding of the economic category of Finance;
2) discuss finances in understanding the close under general traditional sense;
3) discuss finances, as treasury funding means a broad understanding, respect the finances – In a narrow sense and credit – in the full sense.
Termini "funding" and its equivalent "training" funds are used by us as structuring targeted cash resources, based on two poles – the accumulation of sources money (collection) and its use for specific reasons of how to finance and accounting.
We established a new terminal — "Financial-sector investment" (FIS). Analysis on the interrelation of finance and credit that we have made give us an opportunity to prove that in the terminal given the word "financial" is used with the meaning of sources of capital finance, structuring its proactive. In this process, we look at the same time, financial credit, and economic categories of investments.
Summarize the results environment to discuss new concept – "Finance, investment sphere" and discuss its investment parties formed.
The concept of "investment" has been introduced in economic science, a native of the West. In the Soviet economic science, they long used instead of "investments" stop "investment capital", which expressed the use of industry factors in the sphere of real work activities during the completion of capital projects. From a glance, this terminator in its concept is identical to the "investment", therefore it is possible to use them as synonyms. Although the stop "investment" and "investment" have the advantage to the stations' investment capital "and language from philological points of view, because they are expressed by a single word. This is not only economic and comfortable in the process of working with the terminal "investment" itself, but it also provides a training opportunity Termini. More concretely: "process investment, "investment area", "Finance and investment sphere" – all these Termini are much more acceptable.
Native Economic Change Termini with those from abroad is resolved, if it really matters (by maintaining the parallel use of terminal native to the estate). Although we can not change native Termini cheaper in those from abroad together, when, by traditional language ordinal easy to explain private and narrow concrete processes and components get their own Termini. The "movement" of the Termini is approved the narrow professional, but their "spit" in economic science, may turn cheaper in language slang tangled.
Termini's talk – "investment" and "capital investment is the" use in the economic literature.
Investment is the investment of funds in the main and capital movements for purposes of obtaining benefit. "The investment in physical assets – are investing money in mobile and Real Estate (land, buildings, furniture and so on). Investments in financial assets are investments of funds in bank accounts of securities and other financial instruments.
We do not meet the termini "investment" in the dictionary earlier economic, but we meet the combined terminal "Investment Policy" – the union of industrial decisions that ensure the main directions of investment capital, business their concentration in determining the suburbs, where obtaining the expected range of production development of society depends on balancing and efficiency, increasing production and profits in national income for each ruble lost. For today, in most definitions real investment capital are limited only by financial means, when not only financial but also the investment of natural material technical resources and information takes place. Resources to retain a real place in the investment process. They perform this or that the investment process.
A positive side of the definitions discussed is that they connect the investment policy and investment capital (investment):
– Economic development as key directions of the merger;
– By providing high rates of economic growth;
– To raise economic efficiency, which is expressed:
a) by the culture away from production and national income each ruble lost;
b) by completing the structure of the Directorate General of investments;
c) improving their technological structure;
d) by optimizing their structure of additional production.
Compared to such a definition of investment (investment capital) the definition of investment in the dictionary attaching the "economy" appears to be naked: "The investment – the cost of gathering and production facilities Industrial and increase retention of material. "In this current definition of costs (of production) are mixed investment (capital) costs. In addition, no capital expenditure, but (if investments are monitored by the appropriate laboratory expenses) advance exactly. It differs from charge by what means (means) are put back in the peak values, too, in terms of growth, which advanced the concept capital is appropriate. May progress realized in money, materials and natural forms of information.
Except terminus of "investment", there are two similar terms for investment. They are presented below.
"Capital Investment human "- any activity expected to increase workers productivity of labor (in the way of growing their skills and development their capacity) at the expense of improving workers' education, health and increases the mobility of the workforce. " It is useful to use the termini mentioned, but it needs a correction: investment in human capital are not only workers but also servants, representatives of each type of work.
"Investment in raw materials, capital goods – a capital."
In the official manuals of political economy at the time of the Reformation, the capital investments are discussed as "spending to create new funds and the main expansion, reconstruction and renewal of the most active. In this definition of investment (investment capital) at the separation of forms (types) of a new production of the major funds are limited only by funding primary (without an increase in outstanding funds and insurance reserves): a) create new b) enlargement c) reconstruction d) renewal. Also, the concept collection industry seems expense of enlargement of basic funds and also the movement of insurance reserves held.
You meet the following definitions of investment "over economy" investments are called investments of funds in the capital basis (means of production basis), reserves, also other objects and business processes, which requires long known influxing material resources and cash. "According to the division of capital into physical forms of money, investment must also be divided into physical investment and cash.
They divided the investment commodity, which belong to the objects of industrial building and non-industrial vehicles intended to modify or expanded park art and furniture, increased reserves and others.
"They call all investments of an investment product, production, which is directed towards maintaining and increasing the capital base (basic medium) and reserve. Total investments consist of two parts. One of them is called depreciation, it represents significant resource investment compensation for renewal until the level prior to industrial use, using and repairing basic means. Part Two includes all investment is represented by the net investment – investment capital in order to increase core resources. "Amortization is not a resource to bring the base pay money, but it is the source of funding targeted to these resources.
Capital Investment human is "a specific type of investment, mainly in education and health protection.
"Investment estate are investments in economic sectors and also they are the kinds of economic activities, providing influxing increases real capital, which increases the material values of industrial resources. "We can not agree to such a definition of a single specification that values material and nonmaterial also belong to the real capital (wealth), therefore the results of scientific experiments construction, various information, education of workers and he has others. Services such as the Games excitable, also service of redistribution of social wealth of an individual to another (except charity).
"Financial investments represent the investment funds in equities, bonds, promissory notes, other securities and instruments. These investments, of course, do not increase the physical capital real, but they help to get profit, therefore the costs of changing the prices of securities at the time of speculation, or to distinguish the course in different places of sale and purchase. "We agree entirely with this definition, with the result that the financial investment (if not followed by real investment as a result) are not matters of real increase of wealth and wealth immaterial real. Under this context, the following expression is very important: "we must distinguish between financial investments, representing investments of funds in ways to sell and buy securities for the purpose of obtaining a profit and financial investments, which become cash and Real offers real physical capital. "
In the current "economic" city before long and short calls are separate. Recognizing the existence of boundaries between them, the authors attribute to short investments called for "a month or more" investment. If we get such criteria conditioning, we can draw investment to help overcome the terms of a few months, long known Ones, which is very doubtful and we are not agree with her. A long-known character of the investment fund is an important feature of investments (short term does not combine with the concept investment). Mainly, it would be preferable to emphasize rapid compensatory, compensatory called Middle and long term investments called Compensatory:
– Less than 6 months – Quick Compensatory;
– From 6 months a year and a half – mid-called compensatory;
– More than a year and a half – long known as compensation.
We stopped at the definition of investment in capital works "During economic" in the special purpose, as in it the author tried to discuss the concept of investment systems and quite completely enclosed the book is published now.
We will return to the discussion, the economic definition of class "investments" in various publications in the next chapter. The definitions given here are enough to get an idea of the level of lighting a cigarette category in the economic literature.
What conclusions can be made in May by the definition of economic class mentioned in the published works, except facts concepts and specifications?
It is quite deep, a concrete and clearly defined the concept of "Investment", different definitions in the economic literature, but above all the work on the investments we have discussed until now, there are no open gas investment as an economic category. In each monograph, even if it has an investment title, as an economic category, it is given that definition, the concept of investment. But, as Academician Vasil Chantladze explains, "a concept is discussed, which proves something about the distinctive feature of being researched. A concept out of the most characteristic elements represents one key, and it is essential only – definition.
But the categories are much broader, it is "a key The concept most fundamental of all science. " Economical categories are theoretically true, objectively existed productivity relationships. One category is the definition of reversals of existing characters, connections, relations of the objective world. Generally, any educational process is fulfilled by categories which provide opportunities for dividing the process and opportunities semantically, to express the definitions of a subject and to achieve their specific and specificities and economic relations of a material world.
Our objective is exactly to support investment – as a economic class and also as a class in understanding financial close.
Here we apply for another argument manually by Academician Vasil Chantladze "any financial relationship is an economic and financial category and each is economic, but not all relationships Economic and economic class is the financial relationship and financial category.
In the process of definition of investment, it is important to take in mind the resource side, the expenditure and income for investment, one side is the result of the activity of the factory, and another – a portion of income, which in this case is not used to use.
Another opportunity: it is advisable to discuss investment in two aspects: as a category of reserves and flows, which accurately reflects the relationship between "Investment fund" and "investments".
As mentioned earlier, not long ago, the famous Soviet concepts of the literature of "investment funds" and "investments" have agreed to be synonyms and relevant sources to be investment for future production of major funds and training in working capital. We meet with such an understanding of the concept of "placement" (here, they separated three types of capital expenditures: investments in basic capital investment, investment in construction housing and investment in reserves) in the modern economic literature and is mainly used on the macro level for a statistical analysis economic processes. In this investment opportunity is the concrete category of reserves.
According to the aspect of investment flows may be considered in the analysis process of industrial activity, when it is necessary to learn the variety of economic relations related to the production investment and training, sources, subjects and objects, which is on the micro level.
Main distinctions different methods of approach to the concept of "investment" aspect to extend the measure of this index. Is it possible or not measure the separate disclosure of investments factor term (the standard collection, the volume of capital goods, surplus production and so on). If is possible, then this is the category of reservations, and if not, then it is measured in the section of time and belongs to the category flow.
Therefore, investment as an economic category, is quite consumer concept. It covers the elements regularities that define the function and regulation of the field of investment, the private sector:
Firstly, resources and values used in industrial activity. Here, the investment may be made as follows:
1. mobile and Properties (buildings, constructions, furniture and other material values);
2. Sources of cash, determined, bank accounts, credits, shares and other long-qualified;
3. Holders of rights based on author's rights, licenses, Now-how, experience and other intellectual values;
4. The rights of use of land and other natural resources, as other rights holders.
Notwithstanding all the forms, investments are the results of raising capital. Main investments – the regular collection sets its volume and dynamics and, generally, any investment activity.
Secondly, the volume of income and power dynamics investment of resources. Herewith, we must stress the fact that the process of obtaining benefit, the regularity of it, is not a constant of the concept of "investment". Factors of production (also the operating conditions of capital values) and selling (market conditions) also the process of raising capital is a prerequisite for leading and important only for the training investment. Well, we stress again that the process procurement and distribution of income is an important component of investment activity.
The transformation of the investments made basis for investment activity, involving the following media: resources – investments (expenses) – for capital goods – income. The practice of realization of such circles investments transformation is exactly the investment activity (investment). Investment activity, with the exception of investment itself, the motivation and stimulation of concern to raise capital, relationships and capital-raising decision, Also, all the defined level of profitability on capital and growth objectives of capital.
According to the above, in the definitions of investment as an economic category sometimes necessary rigor and clarity is not felt, certain categories of wealth are represented fairly tight. For example, a real prosperity is limited only by estimating material. This leads to investment resources unvalued in the era of societal transformation in the industrial investment alone, and also recognition of yet not involved in valuable scientific research output, the securities turned into objects of speculation, and property unreal in the consistency of a single part to be equalized. On the basis of tests performed include a broad definition of investment and types of foreground.
Investment resources – are values invested in this project or in a particular kind in order to begin obtaining a profit by other materials, finished with silver.
Types of prosperity equal to the nature of investment resources and is divided into real money, therefore in financial resources.
Real Resources concerning the investment of all kinds:
– Natural resources;
– The resources of the work;
– Material resources, whose use is possible in economic development (buildings, structures, vehicles and furniture, transport and communication facilities and so on;
– The investment resources (in the broadest understanding, is scientific research and experimental construction work until the potential education of society and until all types of gathering useful information, written on all possibilities, which carries typing and e).
Cash, therefore, the financial concern of all cash resources for use in this way under specified conditions, or directed in such investments.
Cash resources (resources) are transformed into financial resources in the case of structuring funds provided targeted destination for investments of a particular kind.
After defining the investment resources, we can make broad definition of investment in the economic category.
Investments – are investments in real financial resources and intellectual projects, the realization that leads us to obtain increases in real wealth in the forms and informational material. Is followed by a (cash) prosperity or its increase (at the expense of the distribution of cash resources).
As an economic category, investment express economic relations, which are created in the way of assistance and training investment resources between participants investment process for improving and expanding the business. About the author:
Qoqiauri Lamara
Working Location: Tbilisi Iv. Javakhishvili State University
Address: Tbilisi, 2 University Street
Tel.: (+99532) 30-40-66 Web-site: = "_blank" target> www.nino.skola.dlf.ge E-mail: qoqiauri@caucasus.net
Residence: Tbilisi, Varketili, 159, rue Gakhokidze
Tel.: (+99532) 79-07-10, (99532) 760595 Mob.: (+99599) 90-60-11
Work Experience
Name a department of the employer of the Republican State Bank of Georgia (National Bank)
Post Economist Accountant
Responcibilities An inspector and obligations to provide loan accounting operations, cash budget performance.
Employer Name – A department Republican "MshenBank"
Post of Chief Economist
Responcibilities and obligations of openness increased funding, the analysis economic to build up capital
Employer Name Tbilisi Iv. Javakhishvili State University
Post a laboratory assistant of a lectures, research worker, associate professor, professor.
Employer Name Gori Economical Institute (now State University)
Employer Address Gori, 53 Chavchavadze ST.
Work education
Position of Professor, Doctor of Economics
Date from 1992 to present
Employer Name School private English school "Nino"
Post as Director and founder
Employer Name Scientific Research Institute of Ministry of Finance
Area of scientific work research
Post Chief Researcher Worker
Status, degree and works published
(Please attach a list of works published during the last 10 years)
Scientific Ph.D. in Economics
Scientific status of Professor
Quantity of books 108
Monographs among them 14
Manuals them 5
Quantity of books over the last 10 years 84
Quantity work in magazines targeted 43
Article Source: ArticlesBase.com – title = "Finance, Credit, Investments-interpretation Modern "> Money, Credit, Investments-modern interpretation
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